Embed Size px. Start on. Show related SlideShares at end. WordPress Shortcode. Next SlideShares. Download Now Download to read offline and view in fullscreen. Download Now Download Download to read offline. Doctor, Public Speaker, and Writer. Related Books Free with a 30 day trial from Scribd. Dry: A Memoir Augusten Burroughs.
Related Audiobooks Free with a 30 day trial from Scribd. Empath Up! Uwaoma Philip. Toto Maha. Show More. Views Total views. Actions Shares. No notes for slide. Study of Joints 1. Kinesiology The study of the motion of human body. Usually, but not always allow for movements. Enable resistance to crushing, tearing, and other forces 6. Human Joints There are joints in the human body 9. The following is the Hadith in Arabic : English translation to it :- Hasan bin Al-Hilwani narrated to us that Abu Tawbah Al-Rabie bin Nafi'a narrated that Muaawiyah Yaani ibn Salam narrated that Zaid narrated that he heard Abu Salam said that Abdallah bin Farookh narrated that he heard Aisha the wife of the Prophet say that the Prophet, peace be upon him, said that every man from the people of Adam i.
So whoever glorifies Allah, praises Allah, calls people to Allah, makes supplications to Allah, seeks forgiveness from Allah, removes a stone, needle or bone from the people's path i.
Fibrous Joints Sutures: o Bones are Interlocked by thin layer of dense connective issue and irregular edges between bones. Fibrous Joints Sutures bones of the skull Syndesmoses Distal Tibiofibular joint — an immovable synarthrosis Syndesmoses Interosseus membrane between Radius and Ulna — a freely immovable di-arthrosis Gomphoses A cone-shaped peg fits into a socket.
Functionally classified as synarthrosis Very limited movement allowed The only example:- Articulations of the roots of teeth with the alveolar sockets of maxillae and mandible.
The tooth is secured by dense fibrous connective tissue periodontal ligament. Gomphoses Tooth in a socket Connecting ligament — the periodontal ligament Cartilaginous Joints Articulating bone ends are connected by a plate of cartilage Lack joint cavity and joint capsule Generally contain a fibrocartilaginous disc.
Symphyses Sympheses growing together : the ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage. Symphyses Examples:- Pubic symphysis junction of the manubrium and sternum, intervertebral joints. Symphyses Intervertebral joints — Hyaline cartilage — also present as articular cartilage Symphyses Slide 5. Synchondroses Joint between first rib and manubrium Synchondroses Hyaline cartilage unites bones o Epiphyseal plate between epiphysis and diaphysis Figure 9.
Cartilaginous Joints Synovial Joints Synovial Joints Most movable type of joints Functionally Classified as diarthroses. Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity synovial cavity Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity — Uniaxial or multiaxial movement.
Synovial JointsSynovial Joints Articular cartilage hyaline cartilage :- o covers the ends of bones o Absorbs compression Adipose tissue - articular fat pads. Synovial Joints Synovial fluid: o A viscous fluid similar to raw egg white o A filtrate of blood - Arises from capillaries in synovial membrane o Consists of hyaluronic acid and interstitial fluid. General Features of Synovial Joints Reinforcing ligaments — Often are thickened parts of the fibrous capsule — Sometimes are extracapsular ligaments — located outside the capsule — Sometimes are intracapsular ligaments — located internal to the capsule General Features of Synovial Joints Blood Supply:- Have a rich blood supply, Arteries penetrate the ligaments and articular capsule to deliver oxygen and nutrients.
Veins remove carbon dioxide and wastes from the joints. The articulating portions receive nourishment from the fluid, rest by blood capillaries. Extensive capillary beds in the synovial membrane produce basis of synovial fluid.
General Features of Synovial Joints Nerve Supply:- Richly supplied with sensory nerves, Convey information to the brain and spinal cord.
Friction-reducing structures Tendon Sheaths: Elongated , tubelike bursae that wrap around tendons, Found at ; o wrist, o ankle, o fingers and o toes. Bursae and tendon sheaths a b Acromion of scapula Glenoid cavity containing synovial fluid Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa Cavity in bursa containing synovial fluid Synovial membrane Fibrous capsule Humerus Hyaline cartilage Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa Fibrous articular capsule Tendon sheath Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle Friction-reducing structures: Bursae and tendon sheaths Synovial Joints Figure 5.
Synovial Joints with Articular Discs Some synovial joints contain a Fibrocartilaginous articular disc. Types of synovial jointsTypes of synovial joints Based on shape Types of synovial jointsTypes of synovial joints Based on shape Gliding or plane joints :- the articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved.
Types of synovial jointsTypes of synovial joints Based on shape Hinge uniaxial :- cylindrical end of one bone fits into trough shape of other Movement only in one axis, e. Hinge Joint Types of synovial jointsTypes of synovial joints Based on shape Pivot Joints uniaxial Rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament. Achilles Tendon : The Achilles tendon, also called the calcaneus, provides stability and limits the range of motion at the ankle joint.
During a human stride, the Achilles calcaneal tendon stretches as the ankle joint undergoes dorsiflexion. During the last portion of the stride, as the foot undergoes plantar flexion pointing the toes downward , the stored elastic energy is released.
Because the tendon stretches, the muscle is able to function with less or even no change in length, allowing it to generate greater force. Certain joints exhibit special movements including elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, supination, pronation, and opposition. A number of factors influence joint stability.
These include:. Typically, the more stable the joint is, the less is its range of motion and vice versa. Aging is another factor that influences motion due to decreased fluid, thinning of cartilage, shortening of ligaments, and loss of flexibility.
A synovial joint, also known as a diarthrosis, is the most common and most movable type of joint in the body of a mammal. Synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones. Structural and functional differences distinguish synovial joints from cartilaginous joints synchondroses and symphyses and fibrous joints sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses.
Several movements may be performed by synovial joints. Abduction is the movement away from the midline of the body. Adduction is the movement toward the middle line of the body. Extension is the straightening of limbs increase in angle at a joint.
Flexion is bending the limbs reduction of angle at a joint. Rotation is a circular movement around a fixed point. Body Movements I : Image demonstrating the various joint movements. There are six types of synovial joints. Some are relatively immobile but more stable than mobile joints. Others have multiple degrees of freedom, but at the expense of greater risk of injury. The six types of joints include:. Six Types of Synovial Joints : Image demonstrating the six different types of synovial joints.
There are six different types of synovial joint based on their shapes, each allowing a different kind of movement. There are six basic types of synovial joints. Anatomical joints may consist of a combination of two or more joint types. Some synovial joints are relatively immobile but stable. The types of the synovial joints are based on their shapes and can be classified as plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket.
The following descriptions are in ascending order of mobility:. In this example, the condyles of the femur join with condyles of tibia and the saddle joint, where the lower end of the femur joins with the patella.
Plane Joint : The left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and the proper ligaments of the scapula. Ball and Socket Joint : Hip joint: the ball of the femur head fits in the socket of the acetabulum of the pelvis.
Saddle Joint : Sternoclavicular articulation. Anterior view. Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. Search for:. Synovial Joints. Structure of Synovial Joints A synovial joint or diarthrosis occurs at articulating bones to allow movement.
Learning Objectives Identify the structures of the synovial joint that allow it to move freely. Key Takeaways Key Points The bones of a synovial joint are surrounded by a synovial capsule, which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate and nourish the joint while acting as a shock absorber. The ends of the joint bones are covered with smooth, glass-like hyaline cartilage which reduces friction during movement.
A synovial joint contains a synovial cavity and dense, irregular connective tissue that forms the articular capsule normally associated with accessory ligaments. Key Terms articulation : A joint or the collection of joints at which something is articulated, or hinged, for bending. With its yolk-like consistency, its principal role is to reduce friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints during movement.
A major constituent of the embryonic and young vertebrate skeleton, converted largely to bone with maturation. Synoviocytes The intimal cells are termed synoviocytes and can be either fibroblastic type B synoviocytes and macrophagic type A synoviocytes.
Structure of Synovium The surface of a synovium may be flat or covered with finger-like projections villi to allow the soft tissue to change shape as the joint surfaces move on one another. Synovial Bursa The synovial bursa is a small, fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane containing synovial fluid. Nerve and Blood Supply Synovial joints are highly innervated but vascularized indirectly by nearby tissues. Learning Objectives Identify the nerve and blood supply of synovial joints.
Key Takeaways Key Points Although the articular capsule is innervated with the nerves necessary for movement, it lacks blood vessels because the arteries wrap around the joint in an anastomosis, bypassing direct capillary contact with the capsule.
The articular and epiphyseal branches given off by the neighboring arteries form a periarticular arterial plexus. Exchange of gases oxygen and carbon dioxide and nutrients is achieved, albeit slowly, via diffusion or more efficiently during exercise via convection. Key Terms convection : The movement of groups of molecules within fluids such as liquids or gases.
Bursae and Tendon Sheaths Joints are cushioned by small fluid-filled sacs called bursae and stabilized by tough bands of fibrous connective tissue called tendons.
Learning Objectives List the components of a joint. Key Takeaways Key Points Synovial joints are made up of five classes of tissues. These include bone, cartilage, synovium, synovial fluid, and tensile tissues composed of tendons and ligaments. Tendons are tough bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscles to bones. Bursae are sacs filled with synovial fluid that provide cushioning around a joint between the bones and the muscles and tendons crossing the joint.
Key Terms retinacula : A band around tendons that holds them in place for stabilization. It consists of the cells, fibers, and a ground substance or extracellular matrix. Learning Objectives Explain the roles of tendons in movement and flexibility. Key Takeaways Key Points Although tendons have long been considered just a way to attach muscles to bones, research has shown that their springy properties also allow them to provide stability during locomotion with no active work.
The elasticity of tendons enables them to release stored energy during walking, allowing the muscles to generate greater force without changing length. Many factors influence joint stability and range of motion. Key Terms pronation : The action of rotating the forearm so that the palm of the hand is turned down or back. Synovial Joint Movements Synovial joints allow an individual to achieve a wide range of movements.
Learning Objectives Identify the different types of synovial joints. Key Takeaways Key Points Synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones. Synovial joints allow bones to slide past each other or to rotate around each other. This produces movements called abduction away , adduction towards , extension open , flexion close , and rotation. Key Terms synovial joint : Also known as a diarthrosis, the most common and most movable type of joint in the body of a mammal.
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