Thank God I came across this.. Even better than my textbooks.. In the last step where phosphoenol pyruvate is converted to pyruvic acid! Where is the Hydrogen atom coming from? Thank you very much, I thought triose phosphate was the main intermediate which continues glycolysis. Thanks fr clearing this dilemma. Honestly, I can feel how you really want to let the readers understand the concepts in a friendly language to help them keep up with every step. Thanks a lot! Honestly this is amazing. Thanks alot.
In simple words most of the food items contains glucose or its combined forms like sucrose. To be honest before I found this, I suffered a lot on how to understand this thing.
Thank You so much. Do you have the same excelently written Krebs Cycle as you have done in the glycolisis cycle?. You have done an outstanding job. Well written notes. Please mark on structure how the six carbon breaks into 3carbons compounds in step 4. Kindly describe the process in the mitochondria as well. Also please do the same for gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis and glucogenolysis.
I like the way all the steps have been outlined for easy understanding. I found this very helpful. With some level of effort, I now have all the 10 steps on my finger tips for my biochemistry class. Thank you so much for sharing. I have a doubt,from where does the phosphate in step 6 come from? It just says that phosphate is added. Anyway the answer was useful,Thank you! The role is clear that it shields the highly reactive negative charge phosphate from reacting with ADP molecules but how does the cofactor and enzyme distinguish between ADP and ATP when both have a difference of one phosphate group.
But Pyruvate has 4 H. Does 2H reenter PEP. Am happy to get this note thanks sir Ghana Kumasi polytechnic please I want to know this since there were two molecules of PEP,was two molecules of pyruvate compound formed?
Archea can srvive in harsh environmenatl conditions because of its specific Cell wall and cell membrane compositions. Thanx for the illustration. I have a query regarding structure of glucose. You have placed hydroxyl group in structure of glucose down in first carbon. Same is the case in second carbon, but you have placed hydroxyl group in third carbon up. Does it have to be so specific? I mean, cant we place hydroxyl group in first carbon up or hydroxyl group in third carbon down?
I have save same question regarding placement of hydroxyl group in 3 carbon structures ie left or right. In contrast, intracellular calcium induces mitochondrial swelling and aging. How does this relate to Diabetes? Can you connect the dot for the general public?
I am glad to see that you included the delta-G values in the principal figure. These are very important for helping students appreciate how the flow operates in these pathways, but the values are often left out of figures for the sake of simplicity.
At the same time, I would recommend adding arrows for the reverse reactions, perhaps with length indicating the free energy vector, to further emphasize and distinguish the freely reversible from essentially irreversible reactions. It might also help to add both the free energy values and the reverse arrows to the single-step figures, as well.
Overall, this is a pretty good study review. Save my name and email in this browser for the next time I comment. Details: Here, the glucose ring is phosphorylated. Step 2: Phosphoglucose Isomerase The second reaction of glycolysis is the rearrangement of glucose 6-phosphate G6P into fructose 6-phosphate F6P by glucose phosphate isomerase Phosphoglucose Isomerase. Details: The second step of glycolysis involves the conversion of glucosephosphate to fructosephosphate F6P. Step 3: Phosphofructokinase Phosphofructokinase, with magnesium as a cofactor, changes fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
Details: In the third step of glycolysis, fructosephosphate is converted to fructose- 1,6- bi sphosphate FBP. Step 4: Aldolase The enzyme Aldolase splits fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into two sugars that are isomers of each other. Details: This step utilizes the enzyme aldolase, which catalyzes the cleavage of FBP to yield two 3-carbon molecules. Step 5: Triosephosphate isomerase The enzyme triosephosphate isomerase rapidly inter- converts the molecules dihydroxyacetone phosphate DHAP and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate GAP.
One method is through secondary active transport in which the transport takes place against the glucose concentration gradient. The other mechanism uses a group of integral proteins called GLUT proteins, also known as glucose transporter proteins. These transporters assist in the facilitated diffusion of glucose.
Glycolysis is the first pathway used in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy. It takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. These transporters assist in the facilitated diffusion of glucose.
Glycolysis begins with the six carbon ring-shaped structure of a single glucose molecule and ends with two molecules of a three-carbon sugar called pyruvate. Glycolysis consists of two distinct phases.
The first part of the glycolysis pathway traps the glucose molecule in the cell and uses energy to modify it so that the six-carbon sugar molecule can be split evenly into the two three-carbon molecules. Step 1. Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose using ATP as the source of the phosphate, producing glucosephosphate, a more reactive form of glucose. This reaction prevents the phosphorylated glucose molecule from continuing to interact with the GLUT proteins, and it can no longer leave the cell because the negatively charged phosphate will not allow it to cross the hydrophobic interior of the plasma membrane.
Step 2. In the second step of glycolysis, an isomerase converts glucosephosphate into one of its isomers, fructosephosphate. An isomerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a molecule into one of its isomers.
This change from phosphoglucose to phosphofructose allows the eventual split of the sugar into two three-carbon molecules. Step 3. The third step is the phosphorylation of fructosephosphate, catalyzed by the enzyme phosphofructokinase.
A second ATP molecule donates a high-energy phosphate to fructosephosphate, producing fructose-1,6- bi sphosphate. In this pathway, phosphofructokinase is a rate-limiting enzyme.
This is a type of end product inhibition, since ATP is the end product of glucose catabolism. Step 4. The newly added high-energy phosphates further destabilize fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. The fourth step in glycolysis employs an enzyme, aldolase, to cleave 1,6-bisphosphate into two three-carbon isomers: dihydroxyacetone-phosphate and glyceraldehydephosphate.
Step 5. In the fifth step, an isomerase transforms the dihydroxyacetone-phosphate into its isomer, glyceraldehydephosphate. Thus, the pathway will continue with two molecules of a single isomer.
0コメント